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Rose Madder is the commercial name sometimes used to designate a paint made from the pigment Madder Lake - a traditional lake pigment, extracted from the common madder plant ''Rubia tinctorum''. Madder Lake contains two organic red dyes: alizarin and purpurin.〔 Brian Murphy (), ''The Root of Wild Madder: Chasing the History, Mystery, and Lore of the Persian Carpet''. It includes a section on Rose Madder.〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Artiscreation.com )〕〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Handprint.com ) 〕 As a paint, it has been described as "a fugitive, transparent, nonstaining, mid valued, moderately dull violet red pigment in tints and medum solutions, darkening to an impermanent, dull magenta red in masstone."〔 ==History== Madder has been cultivated as a dyestuff since antiquity in South Asia, Central Asia and Egypt, where it was grown as early as 1500 BC. Cloth dyed with madder root dye was found in the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun, in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Corinth. It was included in the Talmud as well as mentioned in writings by Pliny the Elder, and other literary figures, as 'rubio', used in paintings by J. M. W. Turner, and as a color for ceramics. Remnants of its use have been found at the Baths of Titus. Madder was introduced and then cultivated in Spain by the Moors. It has been found on an Egyptian tomb painting from the Graeco-Roman period, diluted with gypsum to produce a pink color.〔ISBN 0-486-21597-0〕 Madder root dye was referred to as ἐρυθρόδανον by Dioscorides and Hippocrates. The production of a lake pigment from madder seems to have been first invented by the ancient Egyptians.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Winsornewton.com ) 〕 Several techniques and recipes developed. Ideal color was said to come from plants 18 to 28 months old that had been grown in calcareous soil, which is full of lime and typically chalky. Most were considered relatively weak and extremely fugitive until 1804 when the English dye maker George Field〔 Field's notes are held at the Courtauld Institute of Art. See: http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=4107&inst_id=2 (accessed: 2007/09/05) 〕 refined the technique of making a lake from madder by treating it with alum and an alkali.〔〔 Winsor & Newton's madder pigment is still made according to his process. See http://www.winsornewton.com/artnews/EN/artnewsletterA4_english03_2002.pdf page 6. (accessed: 2007/09/03). Note that Henry Charles Newton, founder of Winsor Newton, was his assistant and friend. 〕 The resulting Madder Lake had a less fugitive color〔 and could be used more efficaciously, for example by blending it into a paint. Over the following years, it was found that other metal salts, including those containing iron, tin, and chromium, could be used in place of alum to give madder-based pigments of various other colors. In 1827, the French chemists Pierre-Jean Robiquet and Colin began producing Garancine, the concentrated version of natural madder. They then found that Madder Lake contained two colorants, the red alizarin and the more rapidly fading purpurin. Purpurin is only present in the natural form of madder, and gives a distinctive orange/red generally warmer tone that pure synthetic alizarin does not. Purpurin fluoresces yellow to red under UV light, while synthetic alizarin slightly shows violet.〔'Les Rayons Ultra-Violet Applicques a l'Examen des Couleurs et des Agglutinants' Mouseion, 1933〕 Alizarin was discovered before Purpurin, by heating the ground madder with acid and potash. A yellow vapor crystallized into bright red needles: Alizarin. This alizarin concentrate, makes only 1% of the madder root. Natural rose madder supplied half the world with red, up until 1868, when its alizarin component became the first natural dye to be synthetically duplicated by Carl Graebe and Carl Liebermann. Advances in the understanding of chemistry, such as chemical structures, chemical formulas, and elemental formulas, aided these Berlin based scientists in discovering that alizarin had an anthracene base. However, their recipe was not feasible for large scale production; it required expensive and volatile substances, specifically bromine. William Perkin, the inventor of mauve, filed a patent in June 1869, for a new way to produce alizarin without bromine. Graebe, Liebermann and Heinrich Caro filed a patent for a similar process just one day before Perkin did - yet both patents were granted, as Perkin's had been sealed first. They divided the market in half: Perkin sold to the English market, and the scientists from Berlin to the United States and mainland Europe. Because this synthetic alizarin dye could be produced for a fraction of the cost of the natural madder dye, it quickly replaced all madder-based colorants then in use (in, for instance, British army red coats that had been a shade of madder from the late 17th century to 1870 & French military cloth, often called 'Turkey Red'〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title = Where did the Redcoat red dye come from? )〕). In turn, alizarin itself has now been largely replaced by the more light-resistant quinacridone pigments originally developed at DuPont in 1958. It is still manufactured in traditional ways to meet the demands of the fine art market. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「rose madder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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